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06 September 2007
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Description
Guidelines for the Literary Analysis Essay
1. Essays should be double-spaced. You must use Times New Roman font, size 12. The margins should be set at 1 inch. And a proper MLA heading, title, and header should be used (see separate handout).
2. When writing about a short story, a novel, a play or even a narrative poem, do not retell the plot. Assume the reader has read the work under discussion. You certainly may refer to portions of the plot in order to analyze them (for example, “When, in Part 1, Chapter 1, he has the Lilliputians chain Gulliver to the temple, Swift is making a comment about . . .” or “In act 2, scene 1, the scene in which Stanley rapes Blanche, . . .”), but do not retell what happens in detail.
3. Do not use first person (I, me, we, us, our, etc.), including such expressions as “in my opinion” and “I believe that.” Also, don't use second person (you, your, etc.).
4. Essays should begin with an introductory paragraph of reasonable length (say, 5-10 sentences) in which you explain what you intend to do in the rest of the essay. It is conventional to begin the essay by indicating the work and the author you are writing about—as in “In his novel Oliver Twist, Dickens writes about . . . .” or some such similar phrasing. Don’t announce your intentions with expressions like “In this essay I will . . .” or “In the following paragraphs, I will discuss . . .” Finally, please put your essay’s thesis statement (the point that will be defended) at the end of the introductory paragraph.
5. Make sure that everything in the body of your paper directly defends your thesis statement. If it doesn't, eliminate it. The thesis should be seen as the unifying element of your essay.
6. Essays should be written in properly punctuated, grammatical sentences.
7. Essays should be written in paragraphs, which should not be seen as arbitrary divisions on the page but instead as related but separate points of argument.
8. Each paragraph should make one main point (and each sentence in the paragraph should support that point). In a literary analysis essay, every point you make needs to be supported by a brief quotation from the work. Therefore, every paragraph in the body of the paper must contain at least one relevant quotation. (This doesn't apply to the introduction and conclusion: in the introduction you don't make points but indicate what points you are going to make in the rest of the essay; in the conclusion, you draw together the points you have made in the rest of the essay.)
9. In a literary analysis essay, you defend the thesis statement by developing an argument. You develop an argument by presenting and analyzing textual evidence (that is, evidence from the text of the work itself) in support of all your important claims. This applies not only to the claims you make about the text of the work you are analyzing, but also to any broader claims you might make. For example, if you claim that the imagination is one of Romanticism's central concerns, you need to demonstrate that this is the case by quoting appropriate evidence from one or more Romantic writers (or from appropriate secondary sources—that is, critics). Assertions (that is, claims unsupported by evidence) are of no value in literary analysis essays. Back up what you claim with evidence from the text.
10. Your speculations about the author’s intention (that is, what the author was thinking when he or she wrote the work) shouldn’t find their way into a literary analysis essay (if they can't be substantiated from written evidence or derived from the text being discussed).
11. Introduce quotations in a way that makes it clear whom you are quoting, and cite the page number of the text from which the quotation is taken. Here are two examples in bold print:
In chapter 1, Silas Marner tells William Dane, “There is no just God that governs the earth righteously; but a God of lies, that bears witness against the innocent” (9).
Wordsworth writes that “to be young was very heaven” (1178).
(Notice in the example immediately above that when leading into a quotation with the word that, you do not need a comma.)
12. It is important to analyze any passage that you have quoted, especially if it is long or complex, or if the point you are trying to make with it is not obvious. Quotation and analysis are crucial in literary analysis essays.
13. Use the present tense when analyzing a literary work. For example: “This metaphor implies that . . .” or “Gulliver arrives on the shores of Lilliput . . .”
14. Titles of books should be italicized; titles of parts of books (poems, essays, short stories, etc.) should be appear in quotation marks (they are not italicized).
15. Your essay should end with a concluding paragraph. This should consist of more than a single sentence. It should not normally introduce new material or ideas. Nor should it wax lyrical about how wonderful the author or text is. Instead, it should try to draw together and reflect on the main points that you have demonstrated or discovered in the essay (these points should, of course, add up to an answer to the question). The opening sentence of the conclusion should announce that it is indeed a conclusion. But phrases such as “In conclusion” or “To conclude” shouldn’t be used, as they are reflective of grade school or high school essays, not college-level work.
over a play (The doctor in spite of himself) by moliere
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